桓灵时童谣
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两汉]：佚名
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举秀才，不知书。
举孝廉，父别居。
寒素清白浊如泥，
高第良将怯如鸡。
桓灵时童谣译文及注释
译文
被推举作秀才的人竟然不识字。
被荐举作孝廉的人竟然不赡养父母。
被选拔为寒素、清白的人竟然像污泥一样肮脏，
被称为是干吏良将的竟然象鸡一样胆小。
注释
秀才：汉代为举士的科目，要文才出众的人才能当选。
察：选拔。
孝廉：本来是汉代选举宫吏的两种科目。“孝”指孝子，“廉”指廉洁之士，后来合称“孝廉”。
寒素：汉晋时举拔士人的科目名。一说指出身清贫。
清白：也是汉代选拔士人的科目名。一说指为官清廉。
高第：汉代选拔士人的科目名。一说指出身豪门。
参考资料：
1、叶桂刚 王贵元．中国古代歌谣精品赏析：北京广播学院出版社，1993：34-35
2、刘岳松，邹芳村，王海涛．中学古诗文对照注译：广西民族出版社，1989：115-116
桓灵时童谣创作背景
汉武帝元光元年（公元前134年），命令郡国举孝、廉各一人，从此这一制度正式确定。这本来是选拔人材的办法，但在东汉后期腐朽的政治环境中，外戚、宦官交替专权，清白正直之士受到排挤陷害，出现公然“卖官”的事。这首童谣，便是对这种社会现象的揭露与讽刺。
参考资料：
1、叶桂刚 王贵元．中国古代歌谣精品赏析：北京广播学院出版社，1993：34-35
桓灵时童谣鉴赏
“举秀才，不知书。”凡举作秀才科的人，本应文才深秀、学富五车，但实际上却连字都不识，于是便产生了名与实强烈的对比，夸张又并不让人觉得虚诞。
“察孝廉，父别居。”孝、廉本来两科，后来合而为一，应是事亲孝顺、处事廉洁之人当选。这里复词偏义，重在讲“孝”。孝之最为基本的，就是奉养双亲。但这位被荐之人，竟是与父亲分居而住，就中国古代家庭观念来看，无疑是不孝之举了。
“寒素清白浊如泥”，寒素与清白，可能是性质相近的两个科目。汉代察举科目，只随皇帝高兴与需要而定，所以并不固定。《晋书·李重传》中讲到举寒素要符合“门寒身索，无世祚之资”的条件，选举制度汉晋相延，变化不应很大。范哗在《后汉书·扬雄传论》中说：“中兴以后，复增淳朴、……清白、敦厚之属。”可见二者都是选举科目。一般科目之名称与它所要求的品质应是相当的。故清白、寒素科出来的，应是出身清贫、为官清正之人，而实际上，劳动人民的评价则是“浊如泥”，可见他们是当不起那四个字的。
“高第良将怯如鸡。”汉代不仅文官由重臣推荐，武将也如此。《汉书·昭帝纪》：“始元五年，诏举郡国文学、高第各一人。”《后汉书·安帝纪》：“永初五年七月，诏三公、特进、九卿、校尉，举列将子孙明晓战阵任将帅者。”大概武将之举，均要求“列将子孙”，正因此，此科目才取名“高第”吧。高第与文学对举，在此又与良将并举，可知与上面“寒素清白”一样，是两个相近科目。被荐之人，应“刚毅武猛，有谋谟（《顺帝纪》）”，然而实际上却胆小如鸡，这真是滑天下之大稽了。
这首民谣，用一两个典型的细节，通过形象的比喻与夸张，将一个个名不符实的推举现象并列起来，将封建时代选拔人材的虚伪、腐朽与可笑揭示得淋漓尽致，表现了劳动人民高超的战斗与讽刺艺术。
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王庭筠《
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佚名简介
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